Angular

Angular 18 Announced: Zoneless Change Detection and More

Published May 29, 2024

Updated May 29, 2024

3 min read

Angular 18 Announced: Zoneless Change Detection and More

Angular 18 has officially landed, and yet again, the Angular team has proven that they are listening to the community and are committed to continuing the framework's renaissance.

The release polishes existing features, addresses common developer requests, and introduces experimental zoneless change detection. Let's examine the major updates and enhancements that Angular 18 offers.

1. Zoneless Angular

One of the most exciting features of Angular 18 is the introduction of experimental support for zoneless change detection. Historically, Zone.js has been responsible for triggering Angular's change detection. However, this approach has downsides, especially regarding performance and debugging complexity. The Angular team has been working towards making Zone.js optional, and Angular 18 marks a significant milestone in this journey.

Key Features of Zoneless Angular

Hybrid Change Detection: In Angular 18, a new hybrid change detection mode is enabled by default. This mode allows Angular to listen to changes from signals and other notifications regarding changes that occur either inside an Angular zone or not. That effectively means you can write (library) code that works regardless of whether Zone.js is being used, paving the way to fully zoneless apps without compromising backward compatibility.

For new applications, Angular enables zone coalescing by default, which removes the number of change detection cycles and improves performance. For existing applications, you can enable zone coalescing by configuring your NgZone provider in bootstrapApplication:
```
bootstrapApplication(App, {
  providers: [provideZoneChangeDetection({ eventCoalescing: true })],
});
```
Experimental API for Zoneless Mode: Angular 18 introduces an experimental API to disable Zone.js entirely. This API allows developers to run applications in a fully zoneless mode, paving the way for improved performance and simpler debugging. The zoneless change detection requires an entirely new scheduler which relies on notifications from the Angular core APIs, such as ChangeDetectorRef.markForCheck (called automatically by the AsyncPipe), ComponentRef.setInput, signal updates, host listener updates, or attaching a view that was marked dirty.
Improved Composability and Interoperability: Zoneless change detection enhances composability for micro-frontends and interoperability with other frameworks. It also offers faster initial render and runtime, smaller bundle sizes, more readable stack traces, and simpler debugging.

How to Try Zoneless Angular

To experiment with zoneless change detection, you can add the provideExperimentalZonelessChangeDetection provider to your application bootstrap:

bootstrapApplication(App, {
  providers: [provideExperimentalZonelessChangeDetection()],
});

After adding the provider, remove Zone.js from your polyfills in angular.json.

You can read more about the experimental zoneless change detection in the official documentation. By the way, angular.dev is now considered the official home for Angular developers!

2. Server-side Rendering and Hydration Enhancements

A feature I'm particularly excited about is the improvements to Angular's server-side rendering (SSR) and hydration in terms of developer experience and debugging:

Enhanced DevTools Support: Angular DevTools now includes overlays and detailed error breakdowns to help visualize and debug hydration issues directly in the browser. This refreshing focus on developer experience shows that the Angular team wants to make the framework more approachable and user-friendly.
Hydration Support for Angular Material: All Angular Material components now support client hydration and are no longer skipped, which enhances performance and user experience.
Event Replay: Available in developer preview, event replay captures user interactions during SSR and replays them once the application is hydrated, ensuring a seamless user experience before complete hydration. It is powered by the same library as Google Search.
i18n Hydration Support: Up to v17, Angular skipped hydration for components with i18n blocks. From v18, hydration support for i18n blocks is in developer preview, allowing developers to use client hydration in internationalized applications.

3. Stable Material Design 3

After introducing experimental support for Material Design 3 in Angular 17, Angular 18 now includes stable support.

The key features of Material Design 3 in Angular 18 include:

Simplified Theme Styles: Based on CSS variables, the new theming styles offer more granular customization and a flexible API for applying color variants to components.
Theming Generation Schematics: Using the Ng CLI, you can generate Material 3 themes.
Sass APIs: New Sass APIs allow developers to read colors, typography, and other properties from the Material 3 theme, making it easier to create custom components.

How to use Material Design 3 in Angular 18

To use Material Design 3 in Angular 18, you can define a theme in your application's styles.scss file using the mat.defineTheme function:

@use "@angular/material" as mat;

$my-theme: mat.defineTheme(
  (
    color: (
      theme-type: light,
      primary: mat.$indigo-palette,
    ),
    typography: (
      plain-family: "Roboto",
    ),
    density: (
      scale: 1,
    ),
  )
);

Or generate a Material 3 theme using the Ng CLI:

ng generate @angular/material:m3-theme

You can then apply the theme to your application using the mat.theme mixin:

@use "@angular/material" as mat;
@use "./path/to/my-theme" as theme;

@include mat.theme($theme.$my-theme);

Head to the official guide for a more detailed guide. You'll also notice they have refreshed the docs with the new themes and further documentation.

4. Signal-Based APIs

The path to fully signal-based components includes new signal inputs, model inputs, and signal query APIs. We already wrote about them as they were in developer-preview in v17, but they have been further refined in v18. These APIs offer a type-safe, reactive way to manage state changes and interactions within components:

Signal Input API: Signal inputs allow values to be bound from parent to child components. Those values are exposed using a signal and can change during the component's life cycle.
Model Input API: Model inputs are a special input type that enables a component to propagate new values back to the parent component. That allows developers to keep the parent component in sync with the child component with two-way binding.
Signal Query API: This was a particularly requested feature from the community. The signal query APIs work the same way as ViewChild and ContentChild under the hood, but they return signals, providing more predictable timing and type safety.

5. Fallback Content For `ng-content`

A very requested feature from the community, Angular 18 introduces a new ng-content directive that allows developers to define fallback content when no content is projected into a component. This feature is particularly useful for creating reusable components with default content.

Here's an example of using the new ng-content directive. Using the following component

@Component({
  selector: "app-hello",
  template: `
    <ng-content select=".greeting">Hello </ng-content>
    <ng-content>World</ng-content>
  `,
})
export class Hello {}

like this

<app-hello><span class="greeting">Howdy</span></app-hello>

will render <span class="greeting">Howdy</span> World.

6. Other Improvements

In addition to the major updates mentioned above, Angular 18 also includes several other improvements and updates:

TypeScript 5.4: Angular 18 now supports TypeScript 5.4, which lets you take advantage of new features such as preserved narrowing in closures following last assignments.
Global Observable in Angular Forms: Angular 18 introduces a global events observable in Angular forms, which allows you to track all changes around any abstract control and its children, including the touched or dirty in a single observable. Here's an example of how you can use the global observable:
```
const control = new FormControl<string | null>(
  "initial value",
  Validators.required
); // use the global observable
control.events.subscribe((value) => {
  console.log(value);
});
```
Stable Deferrable views: Deferrable views are now stable in Angular 18.
Stable Control Flow: The built-in control flow is now stable in Angular 18! It is more performant than its predecessor. It also received improved type checking, including guardrails for certain performance-related anti-patterns.

Route Redirects as Functions: For added flexibility in managing redirects, Angular v18 now lets you use a function for redirectTo that returns a string, which allows you to create more sophisticated redirection logic based on runtime conditions. For example:

const routes: Routes = [
  { path: "home", component: HomeComponent },
  {
    path: "legacy-profile",
    redirectTo: ({ queryParams }) => {
      const errorService = inject(ErrorService);
      const profileId = queryParams["profileId"];
      if (profileId) {
        return `/profile/${profileId}`;
      } else {
        errorService.logError(
          new Error(
            "Navigation to profile page attempted without profile ID."
          )
        );
        return `/error`;
      }
    },
  },
  { path: "profile/:profileId", component: ProfileComponent },
];

Conclusion

Angular 18 is a significant release that brings many new features, enhancements, and experimental APIs to the Angular ecosystem. The introduction of zoneless change detection, improvements to server-side rendering and hydration, stable Material Design 3 support, signal-based APIs, and fallback content for ng-content are just a few of the highlights of this release.

The Angular team has again demonstrated its commitment to improving the framework's developer experience, performance, and flexibility. It also demonstrated a clear vision for Angular's future. If you're curious about what's next, you can check out the Angular roadmap.

This Dot is a consultancy dedicated to guiding companies through their modernization and digital transformation journeys. Specializing in replatforming, modernizing, and launching new initiatives, we stand out by taking true ownership of your engineering projects.

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About the author(s)

Jan Kaiser
Software engineer passionate about everything web-related. Particularly loves Angular, SCSS, TypeScript, soccer and dachshunds
@honzikec @honzikec

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The HTML Dialog Element: Enhancing Accessibility and Ease of Use

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Understanding the Difference Between `:focus` and `:focus-visible` in CSS

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Nov 8, 2024

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Introduction to Zod for Data Validation

As web developers, we're often working with data from external sources like APIs we don't control or user inputs submitted to our backends. We can't always rely on this data to take the form we expect, and we can encounter unexpected errors when it deviates from expectations. But with the Zod library, we can define what our data ought to look like and parse the incoming data against those defined schemas. This lets us work with that data confidently, or to quickly throw an error when it isn't correct. Why use Zod? TypeScript is great for letting us define the shape of our data in our code. It helps us write more correct code the first time around by warning us if we are doing something we shouldn't. But TypeScript can't do everything for us. For example, we can define a variable as a string or a number, but we can't say "a string that starts with user_id_ and is 20 characters long" or "an integer between 1 and 5". There are limits to how much TypeScript can narrow down our data for us. Also, TypeScript is a tool for us developers. When we compile our code, our types are not available to the vanilla JavaScript. JavaScript can't validate that the data we actually use in our code matches what we thought we'd get when we wrote our TypeScript types unless you're willing to manually write code to perform those checks. This is where we can reach for a tool like Zod. With Zod, we can write data schemas. These schemas, in the simplest scenarios, look very much like TypeScript types. But we can do more with Zod than we can with TypeScript alone. Zod schemas let us create additional rules for data parsing and validation. A 20-character string that starts with user_id_? It's z.string().startsWith('user_id_').length(20). An integer between 1 and 5 inclusive? It's z.number().int().gte(1).lte(5). Zod's primitives give us many extra functions to be more specific about *exactly* what data we expect. Unlike TypeScript, Zod schemas aren't removed on compilation to JavaScript—we still have access to them! If our app receives some data, we can verify that it matches the expected shape by passing it to your Zod schema's parse function. You'll either get back your data in exactly the shape you defined in your schema, or Zod will give you an error to tell you what was wrong. Zod schemas aren't a replacement for TypeScript; rather, they are an excellent complement. Once we've defined our Zod schema, it's simple to derive a TypeScript type from it and to use that type as we normally would. But when we really need to be sure our data conforms to the schema, we can always parse the data with our schema for that extra confidence. Defining Data Schemas Zod schemas are the variables that define our expectations for the shape of our data, validate those expectations, and transform the data if necessary to match our desired shape. It's easy to start with simple schemas, and to add complexity as required. Zod provides different functions that represent data structures and related validation options, which can be combined to create larger schemas. In many cases, you'll probably be building a schema for a data object with properties of some primitive type. For example, here's a schema that would validate a JavaScript object representing an order for a pizza: ` Zod provides a number of primitives for defining schemas that line up with JavaScript primitives: string, number, bigint, boolean, date, symbol, undefined, and null. It also includes primitives void, any, unknown, and never for additional typing information. In addition to basic primitives, Zod can define object, array, and other native data structure schemas, as well as schemas for data structures not natively part of JavaScript like tuple and enum. The documentation contains considerable detail on the available data structures and how to use them. Parsing and Validating Data with Schemas With Zod schemas, you're not only telling your program what data should look like; you're also creating the tools to easily verify that the incoming data matches the schema definitions. This is where Zod really shines, as it greatly simplifies the process of validating data like user inputs or third party API responses. Let's say you're writing a website form to register new users. At a minimum, you'll need to make sure the new user's email address is a valid email address. For a password, we'll ask for something at least 8 characters long and including one letter, one number, and one special character. (Yes, this is not really the best way to write strong passwords; but for the sake of showing off how Zod works, we're going with it.) We'll also ask the user to confirm their password by typing it twice. First, let's create a Zod schema to model these inputs: ` So far, this schema is pretty basic. It's only making sure that whatever the user types as an email is an email, and it's checking that the password is at least 8 characters long. But it is *not* checking if password and confirmPassword match, nor checking for the complexity requirements. Let's enhance our schema to fix that! ` By adding refine with a custom validation function, we have been able to verify that the passwords match. If they don't, parsing will give us an error to let us know that the data was invalid. We can also chain refine functions to add checks for our password complexity rules: ` Here we've chained multiple refine functions. You could alternatively use superRefine, which gives you even more fine grained control. Now that we've built out our schema and added refinements for extra validation, we can parse some user inputs. Let's see two test cases: one that's bound to fail, and one that will succeed. ` There are two main ways we can use our schema to validate our data: parse and safeParse. The main difference is that parse will throw an error if validation fails, while safeParse will return an object with a success property of either true or false, and either a data property with your parsed data or an error property with the details of a ZodError explaining why the parsing failed. In the case of our example data, userInput2 will parse just fine and return the data for you to use. But userInput1 will create a ZodError listing all of the ways it has failed validation. ` ` We can use these error messages to communicate to the user how they need to fix their form inputs if validation fails. Each error in the list describes the validation failure and gives us a human readable message to go with it. You'll notice that the validation errors for checking for a valid email and for checking password length have a lot of details, but we've got three items at the end of the error list that don't really tell us anything useful: just a custom error of Invalid input. The first is from our refine checking if the passwords match, and the second two are from our refine functions checking for password complexity (numbers and special characters). Let's modify our refine functions so that these errors are useful! We'll add our own error parameters to customize the message we get back and the path to the data that failed validation. ` Now, our error messages from failures in refine are informative! You can figure out which form fields aren't validating from the path, and then display the messages next to form fields to let the user know how to remedy the error. ` By giving our refine checks a custom path and message, we can make better use of the returned errors. In this case, we can highlight specific problem form fields for the user and give them the message about what is wrong. Integrating with TypeScript Integrating Zod with TypeScript is very easy. Using z.infer<typeof YourSchema> will allow you to avoid writing extra TypeScript types that merely reflect the intent of your Zod schemas. You can create a type from any Zod schema like so: ` Using a TypeScript type derived from a Zod schema does *not* give you any extra level of data validation at the type level beyond what TypeScript is capable of. If you create a type from z.string.min(3).max(20), the TypeScript type will still just be string. And when compiled to JavaScript, even that will be gone! That's why you still need to use parse/safeParse on incoming data to validate it before proceeding as if it really does match your requirements. A common pattern with inferring types from Zod schemas is to use the same name for both. Because the schema is a variable, there's no name conflict if the type uses the same name. However, I find that this can lead to confusing situations when trying to import one or the other—my personal preference is to name the Zod schema with Schema at the end to make it clear which is which. Conclusion Zod is an excellent tool for easily and confidently asserting that the data you're working with is exactly the sort of data you were expecting. It gives us the ability to assert at runtime that we've got what we wanted, and allows us to then craft strategies to handle what happens if that data is wrong. Combined with the ability to infer TypeScript types from Zod schemas, it lets us write and run more reliable code with greater confidence....

Nov 15, 2024

7 mins

JavaScriptZod

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Angular 18 Announced: Zoneless Change Detection and More

Angular 18 Announced: Zoneless Change Detection and More

1. Zoneless Angular

Key Features of Zoneless Angular

How to Try Zoneless Angular

2. Server-side Rendering and Hydration Enhancements

3. Stable Material Design 3

How to use Material Design 3 in Angular 18

4. Signal-Based APIs

5. Fallback Content For `ng-content`

6. Other Improvements

Conclusion

Jan Kaiser

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Introduction to Zod for Data Validation

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Angular Signals for Simpler State Management and DOM Performance

The HTML Dialog Element: Enhancing Accessibility and Ease of Use

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Introduction to Zod for Data Validation

Angular 18 Announced: Zoneless Change Detection and More

1. Zoneless Angular

Key Features of Zoneless Angular

How to Try Zoneless Angular

2. Server-side Rendering and Hydration Enhancements

3. Stable Material Design 3

How to use Material Design 3 in Angular 18

4. Signal-Based APIs

5. Fallback Content For ng-content

6. Other Improvements

Conclusion

Jan Kaiser

Angular Signals for Simpler State Management and DOM Performance

The HTML Dialog Element: Enhancing Accessibility and Ease of Use

Understanding the Difference Between `:focus` and `:focus-visible` in CSS

Introduction to Zod for Data Validation

Let's innovate together!

Angular Signals for Simpler State Management and DOM Performance

The HTML Dialog Element: Enhancing Accessibility and Ease of Use

Understanding the Difference Between `:focus` and `:focus-visible` in CSS

Introduction to Zod for Data Validation

5. Fallback Content For `ng-content`