Javascript

Integrating Next.js with New Relic

Published Jul 19, 2024

Updated Jul 19, 2024

7 min read

Integrating Next.js with New Relic

When it comes to application monitoring, New Relic is genuinely one of the veterans in the market. Founded in 2008, it offers a large set of tools designed for developers to help them analyze application performance, troubleshoot problems, and gain insight into user behavior through real-time analytics.

We needed to integrate New Relic's application monitoring with a modern Next.js app built on top of the app router. This blog post will explain your options if you want to do the same in your project. Please keep in mind that depending on when you read this blog post, there may be some advances in how New Relic works with Next.js. You can always refer to the official New Relic website for up-to-date documentation.

The approach is also different, depending on whether you use Vercel's managed Next.js hosting (or any other provider that is lambda-based) or self-host Next.js on an alternative provider such as Fly.io. We'll start with the typical steps you need to do for both ways of deploying; then we'll continue with the self-hosted option, which uses a complete set of features from New Relic, and finish with Vercel where we recommend the OpenTelemetry integration for now.

Common Prerequisite Steps

First, let's install the necessary packages. These were built by New Relic and are needed whether you self-host your Next.js app or host it on Vercel.

npm install newrelic @newrelic/next
npm install -D @types/newrelic

The next thing you'll want to do is define your app name. The name will be different depending on the environment the app is running in, such as a local environment, staging, or production. This will ensure that the data you send to New Relic is always tagged with a proper app name and will not be mixed between environments.

An environment-changing parameter, such as the app name, should always be included in an environment variable. In your local environment, that would be in .env.local, while staging/production or any other hosted environments would be configured in the provider.

NEW_RELIC_APP_NAME='My App - Staging'

To get full coverage with New Relic, in Next.js, we need to cover the parts running on the client (in the browser) and on the server. The server-running part is different on Vercel's managed hosting, where all of the logic is executed within lambdas, and self-hosting variants, where the server logic is executed on a Node.js server.

The client part is configured by going to the New Relic dashboard and clicking "Add Data" / "Browser Monitoring". Choose "place a JavaScript snippet in frontend code," name it the same name you used in the environment variable above, click "Continue" to the last step, and copy the part between the script tags:

<script type="text/javascript">
	// big chunk of JavaScript that you need to copy
</script>

Then paste it to a variable inside any module of your code. For example, this is how we did it:

// app/components/new-relic-scripts-per-env.ts

export const DEV_SCRIPT=`script contents`;
export const STAGING_SCRIPT=`script contents`;
export const PRODUCTION_SCRIPT=`script contents`;

Now, create a component that will use this script and put it to Next's Script component. Then you can use the component in your root layout:

// app/components/new-relic-script.tsx
import Script from "next/script";
import * as React from "react";
import { IS_PRODUCTION, IS_STAGING } from "@/utilities/environment";
import {
  DEV_SCRIPT,
  PRODUCTION_SCRIPT,
  STAGING_SCRIPT,
} from "./new-relic-scripts-per-env";

function getScriptContent() {
  if (IS_PRODUCTION) {
    return PRODUCTION_SCRIPT;
  }

  if (IS_STAGING) {
    return STAGING_SCRIPT;
  }

  return DEV_SCRIPT;
}

export default function NewRelicScript() {
  const scriptContent = getScriptContent();

  return (
    <Script
      id="nr-browser-agent"
      strategy="beforeInteractive"
    >
      {scriptContent}
    </Script>
  );
}

There are several things to note here. First, we need to set a unique ID for the Script component for Next.js to track and optimize the script. We also need to set the strategy to beforeInteractive so that the New Relic script is added to the document’s head element. Finally, we use some environment helper variables. IS_PRODUCTION and IS_STAGING are just helper variables that read the environment variables to determine if we are in a local environment, staging, or production.

Now you can create an app router error page and report any uncaught errors to New Relic:

// app/error.tsx
"use client";

import { useEffect } from "react";

export default function ErrorPage({
  error,
}: {
  error: Error & { digest?: string };
}) {
  useEffect(() => {
    if (window.newrelic) {
      window.newrelic.noticeError(error);
    } else {
      console.error("Cannot report error to New Relic", error);
    }
  }, [error]);

  return (
    <div>
      <h2>Something went wrong!</h2>
    </div>
  );
}

With this in place, the client part is covered, and you should start seeing data in the New Relic dashboard under "All Entities" / "Browser Applications."

Let's now focus on the server part, with both a self-hosted option and Vercel.

Self-Hosting Next.js

If you self-host Next.js, It will typically run through a Node server (containerized or not), meaning you can fully utilize New Relic's APM agent.

Start by adding this to the Next.js config (next.config.js) to mark the newrelic package as external, otherwise you would not be able to import it.

{
  ...
  experimental: {
    ...
    // Without this setting, the Next.js compilation step will routinely
    // try to import files such as `LICENSE` from the `newrelic` module.
    // Note that this property will be renamed in the future: https://github.com/vercel/next.js/pull/65421
    serverComponentsExternalPackages: ["newrelic"],
  },
}

The next step that New Relic recommends is to copy the newrelic.js file from the newrelic library to the root of the folder. However, we want to keep our project root clean, and we'll store the file in o11y/newrelic.js (“o11y” is an abbreviation for observability). This will also demonstrate the configuration needed to make this possible.

This file, by default, will look something like this.

"use strict";

/**
 * New Relic agent configuration.
 *
 * See lib/config/default.js in the agent distribution for a more complete
 * description of configuration variables and their potential values.
 */
exports.config = {
  /**
   * Array of application names.
   */
  app_name: [process.env.NEW_RELIC_APP_NAME],
  /**
   * Your New Relic license key.
   */
  license_key: process.env.NEW_RELIC_LICENSE_KEY,
  agent_enabled: true,
  logging: {
    /**
     * Level at which to log. 'trace' is most useful to New Relic when diagnosing
     * issues with the agent, 'info' and higher will impose the least overhead on
     * production applications.
     */
    level: "info",
  },
  /**
   * When true, all request headers except for those listed in attributes.exclude
   * will be captured for all traces, unless otherwise specified in a destination's
   * attributes include/exclude lists.
   */
  allow_all_headers: true,
  attributes: {
    /**
     * Prefix of attributes to exclude from all destinations. Allows * as wildcard
     * at the end.
     *
     * NOTE: If excluding headers, they must be in camelCase form to be filtered.
     *
     * @name NEW_RELIC_ATTRIBUTES_EXCLUDE
     */
    exclude: [
      "request.headers.cookie",
      "request.headers.authorization",
      "request.headers.proxyAuthorization",
      "request.headers.setCookie*",
      "request.headers.x*",
      "response.headers.cookie",
      "response.headers.authorization",
      "response.headers.proxyAuthorization",
      "response.headers.setCookie*",
      "response.headers.x*",
    ],
  },
};

As you can see, some environment variables are involved, such as NEW_RELIC_APP_NAME and NEW_RELIC_LICENSE_KEY. These environment variables will be needed when the New Relic agent starts up. The trick here is that the agent doesn't start up with your app but earlier by preloading the library through another environment variable, NODE_OPTIONS.

On the server, that would be done by modifying the start script to this:

{
  "scripts": {
    ...
    "start": "NODE_OPTIONS='--loader newrelic/esm-loader.mjs -r @newrelic/next --no-warnings' next start",
  }
}

This ensures the agent is preloaded before starting the app, and the rest of the environment variables (such as NEW_RELIC_APP_NAME and NEW_RELIC_LICENSE_KEY) should already exist. Making sure this works in local development is not that easy due to different stages of loading environment variables. The environment variables from .env.local are loaded by the framework, which is too late for the New Relic agent (which is preloaded by the Node process). However, it is possible with a trick.

First, add the following new environment variables to .env.local:

NEW_RELIC_LICENSE_KEY=# take from 1Password
NEW_RELIC_HOME=o11y
# NODE_OPTIONS is needed only for local development
NODE_OPTIONS='--loader newrelic/esm-loader.mjs -r @newrelic/next --no-warnings'

(We have not mentioned NEW_RELIC_HOME so far, but the New Relic agent implicitly uses it to locate the newrelic.js file. We need to specify that since we moved it to the o11y folder.)

Next, install the nodenv package.

npm install -D node-env-run

The nodenv package provides a cross-platform way of preloading environment variables before we start the Node process. If we provide it with the .env.local file, this means all of the environment variables from that file will be available to the New Relic agent!

Change the scripts in package.json:

{
  "scripts": {
    "dev": "nodenv -E .env.local --exec \"next dev --turbo -H apollo.knopmanmarks.localhost -p 3000\"",
    "start": "NODE_OPTIONS='--loader newrelic/esm-loader.mjs -r @newrelic/next --no-warnings' next start",
  }
}

And that's it. If you now start the local server using the dev command, nodenv will make environment variables available to the Node process. The Node process will preload the New Relic agent (because we have NODE_OPTIONS in .local.env), the agent will read all the environment variables needed by newrelic.js, and everything will work as expected.

The first thing you might notice is the creation of the newrelic_agent.log. This is just a log file by the agent which you can use to troubleshoot if the agent is not working correctly. You can safely add this file to .gitignore.

From this point on, the server-side part of the app can utilize New Relic's API (such as noticeError and recordLogEvent) and the agent will automatically be recording transactions made through the server. The data should be visible in the New Relic dashboard, under "All Entities" / "Services - APM".

This is how you would log an error in your server action, for example:

import newrelic from "newrelic";

export async function createUserAction(...) {
  try {
    // create user logic
  } catch (err) {
    newrelic.noticeError(err);
  }
}

The full source of this type of integration is available on StackBlitz.

Using the New Relic APM agent on Vercel is currently not possible, as the server part of Next.js runs within lambdas, and not within a typical Node server as in the self-hosted option. In the future, this may be possible. At the moment, the only way to integrate Vercel and New Relic is by using the Vercel OpenTelemetry collector, which is only available for some plans.

The first step is to enable the integration in Vercel's dashboard and then install the following packages:

npm install @vercel/otel @opentelemetry/api

Create an instrumentation.ts file in the root of your project and add the following code:

import { registerOTel } from "@vercel/otel";
import { NEW_RELIC_APP_NAME } from "@/utilities/environment";

registerOTel({ serviceName: NEW_RELIC_APP_NAME });

In the the Next.js config (next.config.js), add:

{
  ...
  experimental: {
    instrumentationHook:
      !!process.env.VERCEL_ENV && process.env.VERCEL_ENV !== "development", // Only use instrumentation if deployed to Vercel
  },
}

The OpenTelemetry integration does not work locally, hence the above conditional check. With the above configuration, the collected OpenTelemetry data should be visible in the New Relic dashboard under "All Entities" / "Services - OpenTelemetry".

Optionally, Logging via New Relic API

When using the Vercel OpenTelemetry integration, there is no easy way to submit custom logs to New Relic. New Relic offers a logging API, however, so to send custom logs from your backend, you could use a logger such as Winston, which has good library support for custom transports, such as the one for New Relic.

Install the following packages:

npm install winston winston-nr

Then create a logger.ts file with the following code:

import {
  IS_VERCEL,
  LOG_LEVEL,
  NEW_RELIC_APP_NAME,
  NEW_RELIC_LICENSE_KEY,
} from "./environment";
import { headers } from "next/headers";
import winston from "winston";
import { NewRelicTransport } from "winston-nr";

const newRelicTransport = new NewRelicTransport({
  apiUrl: "https://log-api.newrelic.com/log/v1",
  apiKey: NEW_RELIC_LICENSE_KEY,
  compression: true,
  retries: 3,
  batchSize: 10,
  batchTimeout: 5000,
  format: winston.format.json(),
});

export const serverLogger = winston.createLogger({
  level: LOG_LEVEL,
  defaultMeta: { serviceName: NEW_RELIC_APP_NAME },
  transports: [newRelicTransport],
});

NewRelicTransport utilizes the New Relic logging API to send application logs. Now you can use the serverLogger in your backend code, from server components to server actions.

Conclusion

As you can see, various options exist for integrating New Relic with the modern, app-router-based Next.js. Sadly, at the time of writing, no one-size-fits-all solution works equally for all hosting options, as Vercel's managed Next.js platform is still relatively young, and so is the app router in Next.js.

If you liked this blog post, feel free to browse our other Next.js blog posts for more tips and tricks in other areas of the Next.js ecosystem.

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About the author(s)

Dario Djuric
Dario is a full-stack engineer who has spent most of his career doing enterprise Java projects. He has always had a hidden passion for frontend, though -- and he is now able to pursue that passion at This Dot. He spends most of his free time with his two sons, but occasionally, he manages to squeeze in some casual sports activities such as jogging, cycling, and soccer.
@dario_djuric @dariodjuric

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Building a Lightweight Shopping Experience To illustrate the concept, we'll build a lightweight shopping experience with a list of products and an "Add to Cart" button that opens a drawer with the added cart items. Most of the page will be server-rendered, and we'll use client components only to show the drawer. Even the drawer itself will not be entirely a client component; rather, the wrapper necessary to show the drawer will be a client component, while the contents will be server-rendered. This can be accomplished by the nature of client components that can accept server-rendered content. We'll set up a React context provider at the layout level, which will control showing or hiding the cart. This provider will be used by our client components (the "Add to Cart" button and the "Show Cart" button), as well as by the drawer wrapper. 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Check out the page using this pattern in the embedded Stackblitz window below: Using Query Params for State Management Another approach is to use query params instead of a wrapper client component and store the state in the URL. In this scenario, you have two client components: the button and the counter display. The counter value (the state) is stored in a query param, such as counterValue. The client components can read the current counter value using the useSearchParams hook. Once read, the useRouter hook can update the query param, effectively updating the counter value. However, there's one gotcha to this approach. If a route is statically rendered, calling useSearchParams will cause the client component tree up to the closest Suspense boundary to be client-side rendered. Next.js recommends wrapping the client component that uses useSearchParams in a boundary. Here's an example of how this approach might look. The button reads the current counter value and updates it on click by using the router's replace function: ` The counter display component is relatively simple, only reading the counter value: ` And here is the page that is a server component, hosting both of the above client components: ` Feel free to check out the above page in the embedded Stackblitz below: Storing State on the Server The third approach is to store the state on the server. In this case, the counter display component accepts the counter value as a prop, where the counter value is passed by a parent server component that reads the counter value from the database. The button component, when clicked, calls a server action that updates the counter value and calls revalidatePath() so that the counter value is refreshed, and consequently, the counter display component is re-rendered. 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5 mins

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Unlike TypeScript, Zod schemas aren't removed on compilation to JavaScript—we still have access to them! If our app receives some data, we can verify that it matches the expected shape by passing it to your Zod schema's parse function. You'll either get back your data in exactly the shape you defined in your schema, or Zod will give you an error to tell you what was wrong. Zod schemas aren't a replacement for TypeScript; rather, they are an excellent complement. Once we've defined our Zod schema, it's simple to derive a TypeScript type from it and to use that type as we normally would. But when we really need to be sure our data conforms to the schema, we can always parse the data with our schema for that extra confidence. Defining Data Schemas Zod schemas are the variables that define our expectations for the shape of our data, validate those expectations, and transform the data if necessary to match our desired shape. It's easy to start with simple schemas, and to add complexity as required. Zod provides different functions that represent data structures and related validation options, which can be combined to create larger schemas. In many cases, you'll probably be building a schema for a data object with properties of some primitive type. For example, here's a schema that would validate a JavaScript object representing an order for a pizza: ` Zod provides a number of primitives for defining schemas that line up with JavaScript primitives: string, number, bigint, boolean, date, symbol, undefined, and null. It also includes primitives void, any, unknown, and never for additional typing information. In addition to basic primitives, Zod can define object, array, and other native data structure schemas, as well as schemas for data structures not natively part of JavaScript like tuple and enum. The documentation contains considerable detail on the available data structures and how to use them. Parsing and Validating Data with Schemas With Zod schemas, you're not only telling your program what data should look like; you're also creating the tools to easily verify that the incoming data matches the schema definitions. This is where Zod really shines, as it greatly simplifies the process of validating data like user inputs or third party API responses. Let's say you're writing a website form to register new users. At a minimum, you'll need to make sure the new user's email address is a valid email address. For a password, we'll ask for something at least 8 characters long and including one letter, one number, and one special character. (Yes, this is not really the best way to write strong passwords; but for the sake of showing off how Zod works, we're going with it.) We'll also ask the user to confirm their password by typing it twice. First, let's create a Zod schema to model these inputs: ` So far, this schema is pretty basic. It's only making sure that whatever the user types as an email is an email, and it's checking that the password is at least 8 characters long. But it is *not* checking if password and confirmPassword match, nor checking for the complexity requirements. Let's enhance our schema to fix that! ` By adding refine with a custom validation function, we have been able to verify that the passwords match. If they don't, parsing will give us an error to let us know that the data was invalid. We can also chain refine functions to add checks for our password complexity rules: ` Here we've chained multiple refine functions. You could alternatively use superRefine, which gives you even more fine grained control. Now that we've built out our schema and added refinements for extra validation, we can parse some user inputs. Let's see two test cases: one that's bound to fail, and one that will succeed. ` There are two main ways we can use our schema to validate our data: parse and safeParse. The main difference is that parse will throw an error if validation fails, while safeParse will return an object with a success property of either true or false, and either a data property with your parsed data or an error property with the details of a ZodError explaining why the parsing failed. In the case of our example data, userInput2 will parse just fine and return the data for you to use. But userInput1 will create a ZodError listing all of the ways it has failed validation. ` ` We can use these error messages to communicate to the user how they need to fix their form inputs if validation fails. Each error in the list describes the validation failure and gives us a human readable message to go with it. You'll notice that the validation errors for checking for a valid email and for checking password length have a lot of details, but we've got three items at the end of the error list that don't really tell us anything useful: just a custom error of Invalid input. The first is from our refine checking if the passwords match, and the second two are from our refine functions checking for password complexity (numbers and special characters). Let's modify our refine functions so that these errors are useful! We'll add our own error parameters to customize the message we get back and the path to the data that failed validation. ` Now, our error messages from failures in refine are informative! You can figure out which form fields aren't validating from the path, and then display the messages next to form fields to let the user know how to remedy the error. ` By giving our refine checks a custom path and message, we can make better use of the returned errors. In this case, we can highlight specific problem form fields for the user and give them the message about what is wrong. Integrating with TypeScript Integrating Zod with TypeScript is very easy. Using z.infer<typeof YourSchema> will allow you to avoid writing extra TypeScript types that merely reflect the intent of your Zod schemas. You can create a type from any Zod schema like so: ` Using a TypeScript type derived from a Zod schema does *not* give you any extra level of data validation at the type level beyond what TypeScript is capable of. If you create a type from z.string.min(3).max(20), the TypeScript type will still just be string. And when compiled to JavaScript, even that will be gone! That's why you still need to use parse/safeParse on incoming data to validate it before proceeding as if it really does match your requirements. A common pattern with inferring types from Zod schemas is to use the same name for both. Because the schema is a variable, there's no name conflict if the type uses the same name. However, I find that this can lead to confusing situations when trying to import one or the other—my personal preference is to name the Zod schema with Schema at the end to make it clear which is which. Conclusion Zod is an excellent tool for easily and confidently asserting that the data you're working with is exactly the sort of data you were expecting. It gives us the ability to assert at runtime that we've got what we wanted, and allows us to then craft strategies to handle what happens if that data is wrong. Combined with the ability to infer TypeScript types from Zod schemas, it lets us write and run more reliable code with greater confidence....

Nov 15, 2024

7 mins

JavaScriptZod

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