Javascript

Web Components Integration using LitElement and TypeScript

Published Oct 5, 2020

Updated Mar 23, 2023

3 min read

This article was written over 18 months ago and may contain information that is out of date. Some content may be relevant but please refer to the relevant official documentation or available resources for the latest information.

In my previous posts, I explained how to create a project based on LitElement and TypeScript from scratch. Also, I added the routing management and explained how to have more control over the navigation lifecycle.

Let's deep dive over the Web Components creation to understand how to reuse them, respond to any property change, and dispatch custom events.

Writing a Web Component

Let's define a base template to display an overview of every blog post in our web application.

<div class="blog-card">
  <div class="blog-description">
    <h1>Title</h1>
    <h2>Author</h2>
    <p>
      Brief Description
    </p>
    <p class="blog-footer">
      <a class="blog-link">Read More</a>
    </p>
  </div>
</div>

With this template, we should expect to draw a simple card to display the post content. It will define the internal DOM for our new component.

Let's create the Web Component using LitElement and the @customElement decorator:

// blog-card.ts

import { LitElement, html, customElement, css } from 'lit-element';
import { Post } from './post';

@customElement('blog-card')
export class BlogCard extends LitElement {
  static styles = css`
  .blog-card {
    margin: 20px;
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    margin-bottom: 15px;
    background: white;
    border-radius: 5px;
    overflow: hidden;
    border-radius: 10px;
  }
  .blog-description {
    padding: 20px;
    background: white;
  }
  .blog-footer {
    text-align: right;
  }
  .blog-link {
    color: #008cba;
  }
  h1 {
    margin: 0;
    font-size: 1.5rem;
  }
  h2 {
    font-size: 1rem;
    font-weight: 300;
    color: #5e5e5e;
    margin-top: 5px;
  }
  `;

  render() {
    return html`
      <div class="blog-card">
        <div class="blog-description">
          <h1>Title</h1>
          <h2>Author</h2>
          <p>
            Brief Description
          </p>
          <p class="blog-footer">
            <a class="blog-link">Read More</a>
          </p>
        </div>
      </div>
    `;
  }
}

This component is ready to be rendered. However, it cannot be reused since the content will remain always the same. We need a way to configure this component so that it can display different content for each instance of it(That should be ideal, right?).

Adding Properties

The TypeScript-way to declare the element's properties is as follows:

// blog-card.ts

@customElement('blog-card')
export class BlogCard extends LitElement {

  @property({ type: String }) postTitle?: string;
  @property({ type: String }) author?: string;
  @property({ type: String }) description?: string;
}

That looks enough to configure our new component and being able to display an overview of a blog post. However, what will happen if we decide to add other attributes? The properties list will be growing in number and maybe it's not the best way to handle this scenario.

The other option is define a Post model through a TypeScript Interface:

// post.ts
export interface Post {
  id: number;
  title: string;
  author: string;
  description: string;
}

Then, let's define a single property that expects a Post object:

// blog-card.ts

@customElement('blog-card')
export class BlogCard extends LitElement {

  @property({ type: Object }) post?: Post;
}

Binding Properties

It's time to improve the render function and create property bindings into the template.

// blog-card.ts

  render() {
    return html`
      <div class="blog-card">
        <div class="blog-description">
          <h1>${this.post?.title}</h1>
          <h2>${this.post?.author}</h2>
          <p>
            ${this.post?.description}
          </p>
          <p class="blog-footer">
            <a class="blog-link">Read More</a>
          </p>
        </div>
      </div>
    `;
  }

The @property declaration(defined before) will render the template every time the given property changes.

Adding Events

There are different ways to add event listeners for our Web Components. In this case, we can use a declarative event listener using @event notation:

  render() {
    return html`
      <div class="blog-card">
        <div class="blog-description">
          <h1>${this.post?.title}</h1>
          <h2>${this.post?.author}</h2>
          <p>
            ${this.post?.description}
          </p>
          <p class="blog-footer">
            <a class="blog-link" @click="${this.handleClick}">Read More</a>
          </p>
        </div>
      </div>
    `;
  }

  private handleClick() {
    this.dispatchEvent(
      new CustomEvent('readMore', { detail: this.post })
    );
  }

The event listener @click="${this.handleClick}" will be added once the template gets rendered in the browser. The click action will be handled by the handleClick function.

This function will fire an event from our Lit-based web component. The CustomEvent allows an object Post to be propagated along with it.

Parent-Child Component Communication

The blog-card component is ready to be integrated into the application.

Let's think in the Blog Posts page as the parent and the Blog Card as the child component:

// blog-posts.ts

import { POSTS } from './data';
import { Post } from './post';

@customElement('lit-blog-posts')
export class BlogPosts extends LitElement {

  @property({ type: Array }) blogPosts?: Post[];

  constructor() {
    super();
  }

  render() {
    return html`
      <h2>Blog Posts</h2>
      ${this.blogPosts?.map(
        post => html`<blog-card .post="${post}"></blog-card>`
      )}
    `;
  }

  firstUpdated() {
    this.blogPosts = POSTS;
  }
}

The parent component defines a property to store a set of blog posts using @property({ type: Array }) blogPosts?: Post[];.

If you have the Web component template and want to bind properties, take into account the following rules:

Text content: <p>${...}</p>
Attribute: <p id="${...}"></p>
Boolean attribute: ?disabled="${...}"
Property: .value="${...}"
Event handler: @event="${...}"

The firstUpdated function will be called after the element's DOM has been updated the first time. In a real-world scenario, the app would need to perform an HTTP call to get the data.

For this example, let's load the data from data.ts file:

// data.ts

import { Post } from './post';

export const POSTS: Post[] = [
  {
    id: 0,
    title: 'Web Components Introduction',
    author: 'Luis Aviles',
    description:
      'Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit...',
  },
  {
    id: 1,
    title: 'LitElement with TypeScript',
    author: 'Luis Aviles',
    description:
      'Sed felis nisi, consectetur sed ipsum dignissim, semper porta risus...',
  },
  {
    id: 2,
    title: 'Navigation and Routing with Web Components',
    author: 'Luis Aviles',
    description:
      'Ut ipsum arcu, sodales aliquet nisi iaculis, faucibus varius mauris...',
  },
];

Listen to Child Events

The parent component is ready to display the blog posts. However, it would be great to listen every time the "Read More" link has been clicked and take the control from the Blog Posts page:

// blog-posts.ts

  firstUpdated() {
    this.blogPosts = POSTS;
    this.addEventListener('readMore', event => {
      const post = (event as CustomEvent).detail as Post; //event.detail has a the Post object
      Router.go(`/blog/posts/${post.id}`); // Get the Post id and redirect
    });
  }

The event listener will be executed after the first paint. This way of adding them can be useful when you're adding several listeners.

This should be the final result:

Source Code Project

Find the complete project in this GitHub repository: https://github.com/luixaviles/litelement-website. Do not forget to give it a star ⭐️ and play around with the code.

You can follow me on Twitter and GitHub to see more about my work.

This Dot is a consultancy dedicated to guiding companies through their modernization and digital transformation journeys. Specializing in replatforming, modernizing, and launching new initiatives, we stand out by taking true ownership of your engineering projects.

We love helping teams with projects that have missed their deadlines or helping keep your strategic digital initiatives on course. Check out our case studies and our clients that trust us with their engineering.

About the author(s)

Luis Aviles
Luis is a Senior Software Engineer and Google Developer Expert in Web Technologies and Angular. He is an author of online courses, technical articles, and a public speaker. He has participated in different international technology conferences, giving technical talks, workshops, and training sessions. He’s passionate about the developer community and he loves to help junior developers and professionals to improve their skills. When he’s not coding, Luis is doing photography or Astrophotography.
@luixaviles @luixaviles

End-to-end type-safety with JSON Schema

End-to-end type-safety with JSON Schema I recently wrote an introduction to JSON Schema post. If you’re unfamiliar with it, check out the post, but TLDR: It’s a schema specification that can be used to define the input and output data for your JSON API. In my post, I highlight many fantastic benefits you can reap from defining schemas for your JSON API. One of the more interesting things you can achieve with your schemas is end-to-end type safety from your backend API to your client application(s). In this post, we will explore how this can be accomplished slightly deeper. Overview The basic idea of what we want to achieve is: * a JSON API server that validates input and output data using JSON Schema * The JSON Schema definitions that our API uses transformed into TypeScript types With those pieces in place, we can achieve type safety on our API server and the consuming client application. The server side is pretty straightforward if you’re using a server like Fastify with already enabled JSON Schema support. This post will focus on the concepts more than the actual implementation details though. Here’s a simple diagram illustrating the high-level concept: We can share the schema and type declaration between the client and server. In that case, we can make a request to an endpoint where we know its type and schema, and assuming the server validates the data against the schema before sending it back to the client, our client can be confident about the type of the response data. Marrying JSON Schema and TypeScript There are a couple of different ways to accomplish this: * Generating types from schema definitions using code generation tools * Creating TypeBox definitions that can infer TypeScript types and be compiled to JSON Schema I recommend considering both and figuring out which would better fit your application and workflows. Like anything else, each has its own set of trade-offs. In my experience, I’ve found TypeBox to be the most compelling if you want to go deep with this pattern. Code generation A couple of different packages are available for generating TS types from JSON Schema definitions. * https://github.com/bcherny/json-schema-to-typescript * https://github.com/vega/ts-json-schema-generator They are CLI tools that you can provide a glob path to where your schema files are located and will generate TS declaration files to a specified output path. You can set up an npm hook or a similar type of script that will generate types for your development environment. TypeBox TypeBox is a JSON Schema type builder. With this approach, instead of json files, we define schemas in code using the TypeBox API. The TypeBox definitions infer to TypeScript types directly, which eliminates the code generation step described above. Here’s a simple example from the documentation of a JSON Schema definition declared with TypeBox: ` This can then be inferred as a TypeScript type: ` Aside from schemas and types, TypeBox can do a lot more to help us on our type-safety journey. We will explore it a bit more in upcoming sections. Sharing schemas between client and server applications Sharing our JSON Schema between our server and client app is the main requirement for end-to-end type-safety. There are a couple of different ways to accomplish this, but the simplest would be to set up our codebase as a monorepo that contains both the server and client app. Some popular options for TypeScript monorepos are: PNPM, Turborepo, and NX. If a monorepo is not an option, you can publish your schema and types as a package that can be installed in both projects. However, this setup would require a lot more maintenance work. Ultimately, as long as you can import your schemas and types from the client and server app, you are in good shape. Server-to-client validation and type-safety For the sake of simplicity, let's focus on data flowing from the server to the client for now. Generally speaking, the concepts also apply in reverse, as long as your JSON API server validates your inputs and outputs. We’ll look at the most basic version of having strongly typed data on the client from a request to our server. Type-safe client requests In our server application, if we validate the /users endpoint with a shared schema - on the client side, when we make the request to the endpoint, we know that the response data is validated using the user schema. As long as we are confident of this fact, we can use the generated type from that schema as the return type on our client fetch call. Here’s some pseudocode: ` Our server endpoint would look something like this: ` You could get creative and build out a map that defines all of your endpoints, their metadata, and schemas, and use the map to define your server endpoints and create an API client. Transforming data over the wire Everything looks stellar, but we can still take our efforts a bit further. To this point, we are still limited to serialized JSON data. If we have a created_at field (number or ISO string) tied to our user, and we want it to be a Date object when we get a hold of it on the client side - additional work and consideration are required. There are some different strategies out there for deserializing JSON data. The great thing about having shared schemas between our client and server is that we can encode our type information in the schema without sending additional metadata from our server to the client. Using format to declare type data In my initial JSON Schema blog post, I touched on the format field of the specification. In our schema, if the actual type of our date is a string in ISO8601 format, we can declare our format to be "date-time". We can use this information on the client to transform the field into a proper Date object. ` Transforming serialized JSON Data This can be a little bit tricky; again, there are many ways to accomplish it. To demonstrate the concept, we’ll use TypeBox to define our schemas as discussed above. TypeBox provides a Transform type that you can use to declare, encode, and decode methods for your schema definition. ` It even provides helpers to statically generate the decoded and encoded types for your schema ` If you declare your decode and encode functions for your schemas, you can then use the TypeBox API to handle decoding the serialized values returned from your JSON API. Here’s what the concept looks like in practice fetching a user from our API: ` Nice. You could use a validation library like Zod to achieve a similar result but here we aren’t actually doing any validation on our client side. That happened on the server. We just know the types based on the schema since both ends share them. On the client, we are just transforming our serialized JSON into what we want it to be in our client application. Summary There are a lot of pieces in play to accomplish end-to-end type safety. With the help of JSON Schema and TypeBox though, it feels like light work for a semi-roll-your-own type of solution. Another great thing about it is that it’s flexible and based on pretty core concepts like a JSON API paired with a TypeScript-based client application. The number of benefits that you can reap from defining JSON Schemas for your APIs is really great. If you’re like me and wanna keep it simple by avoiding GraphQL or other similar tools, this is a great approach....

Apr 17, 2024

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Testing a Fastify app with the NodeJS test runner

Introduction Node.js has shipped a built-in test runner for a couple of major versions. Since its release I haven’t heard much about it so I decided to try it out on a simple Fastify API server application that I was working on. It turns out, it’s pretty good! It’s also really nice to start testing a node application without dealing with the hassle of installing some additional dependencies and managing more configurations. Since it’s got my stamp of approval, why not write a post about it? In this post, we will hit the highlights of the testing API and write some basic but real-life tests for an API server. This server will be built with Fastify, a plugin-centric API framework. They have some good documentation on testing that should make this pretty easy. We’ll also add a SQL driver for the plugin we will test. Setup Let's set up our simple API server by creating a new project, adding our dependencies, and creating some files. Ensure you’re running node v20 or greater (Test runner is a stable API as of the 20 major releases) Overview * index.js - node entry that initializes our Fastify app and listens for incoming http requests on port 3001 * app.js - this file exports a function that creates and returns our Fastify application instance * sql-plugin.js - a Fastify plugin that sets up and connects to a SQL driver and makes it available on our app instance Application Code A simple first test For our first test we will just test our servers index route. If you recall from the app.js code above, our index route returns a 501 response for “not implemented”. In this test, we're using the createApp function to create a new instance of our Fastify app, and then using the inject method from the Fastify API to make a request to the / route. We import our test utilities directly from the node. Notice we can pass async functions to our test to use async/await. Node’s assert API has been around for a long time, this is what we are using to make our test assertions. To run this test, we can use the following command: By default the Node.js test runner uses the TAP reporter. You can configure it using other reporters or even create your own custom reporters for it to use. Testing our SQL plugin Next, let's take a look at how to test our Fastify Postgres plugin. This one is a bit more involved and gives us an opportunity to use more of the test runner features. In this example, we are using a feature called Subtests. This simply means when nested tests inside of a top-level test. In our top-level test call, we get a test parameter t that we call methods on in our nested test structure. In this example, we use t.beforeEach to create a new Fastify app instance for each test, and call the test method to register our nested tests. Along with beforeEach the other methods you might expect are also available: afterEach, before, after. Since we don’t want to connect to our Postgres database in our tests, we are using the available Mocking API to mock out the client. This was the API that I was most excited to see included in the Node Test Runner. After the basics, you almost always need to mock some functions, methods, or libraries in your tests. After trying this feature, it works easily and as expected, I was confident that I could get pretty far testing with the new Node.js core API’s. Since my plugin only uses the end method of the Postgres driver, it’s the only method I provide a mock function for. Our second test confirms that it gets called when our Fastify server is shutting down. Additional features A lot of other features that are common in other popular testing frameworks are also available. Test styles and methods Along with our basic test based tests we used for our Fastify plugins - test also includes skip, todo, and only methods. They are for what you would expect based on the names, skipping or only running certain tests, and work-in-progress tests. If you prefer, you also have the option of using the describe → it test syntax. They both come with the same methods as test and I think it really comes down to a matter of personal preference. Test coverage This might be the deal breaker for some since this feature is still experimental. As popular as test coverage reporting is, I expect this API to be finalized and become stable in an upcoming version. Since this isn’t something that’s being shipped for the end user though, I say go for it. What’s the worst that could happen really? Other CLI flags —watch - https://nodejs.org/dist/latest-v20.x/docs/api/cli.html#--watch —test-name-pattern - https://nodejs.org/dist/latest-v20.x/docs/api/cli.html#--test-name-pattern TypeScript support You can use a loader like you would for a regular node application to execute TypeScript files. Some popular examples are tsx and ts-node. In practice, I found that this currently doesn’t work well since the test runner only looks for JS file types. After digging in I found that they added support to locate your test files via a glob string but it won’t be available until the next major version release. Conclusion The built-in test runner is a lot more comprehensive than I expected it to be. I was able to easily write some real-world tests for my application. If you don’t mind some of the features like coverage reporting being experimental, you can get pretty far without installing any additional dependencies. The biggest deal breaker on many projects at this point, in my opinion, is the lack of straightforward TypeScript support. This is the test command that I ended up with in my application: I’ll be honest, I stole this from a GitHub issue thread and I don’t know exactly how it works (but it does). If TypeScript is a requirement, maybe stick with Jest or Vitest for now 🙂...

Nov 29, 2023

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How to Build a Slideshow App Using Swiper and Angular

Google Slides and Microsoft PowerPoint are the most popular options to build presentations nowadays. However, have you ever considered having a custom tool where you can use your web development knowledge to create beautiful slides? In this post, we will build a slideshow app with the ability to render one slide at a time using Angular, Swiper, and a little bit of CSS. Project Setup Prerequisites You'll need to have installed the following tools in your local environment: - Node.js. Preferably the latest LTS version. - A package manager. You can use either NPM or Yarn. This tutorial will use NPM. Creating the Angular Project Let's start creating a project from scratch using the Angular CLI tool. ` This command will initialize a base project using some configuration options: - --routing. It will create a routing module. - --prefix corp. It defines a prefix to be applied to the selectors for created components(corp in this case). The default value is app. - --style scss. The file extension for the styling files. - --skip-tests. It avoids the generations of the .spec.ts files, which are used for testing. Creating the Slides Component We can create a brand new component to handle the content of the application's slides. We can do that using the command mg generate as follows: ` The output of the previous command will show the auto-generated files. Update the Routing Configuration Remember we used the flag --routing while creating the project? That parameter has created the main routing configuration file for the application: app-routing.module.ts. Let's update it to be able to render the slides component by default. ` Update the App Component template Remove all code except the router-outlet placeholder: ` This will allow you to render the slides component by default once the routing configuration is running. Using Swiper What is Swiper? Swiper is a popular JavaScript library that lets you create transitions that can work on websites, mobile web apps, and mobile native/hybrid apps. It's available for all modern frameworks and it's powered with top-notch features you can find on the official website. Installing Swiper The plugin is available via NPM and you can use the following command to install it in the project. ` Updating the Application Module Next, we'll need to update the application module before starting to use Swiper. ` Using swiper element in the Template It's time to work in the slide component, and make use of the plugin along with the available options. ` For a better understanding, let's describe what's happening in the above template: * The element will create a Swiper instance to be rendered in the component. * slidesPerView will set the number of slides visible at the same time. * navigation will render the navigation buttons to slide to the left and right. * pagination will set the pagination configuration through an object. * keyboard will enable navigation through the keyboard. * virtual will enable the virtual slides feature. This is important in case you have several slides, and you want to limit the amount of them to be rendered in the DOM. * class will set a class to customize the styling. * swiperSlide is an Angular directive that helps to render a slide instance. One important note here is the custom container created under the swiperSlide directive allows us to customize the way we can render every slide. In this case, it's used to set a layout for every slide, and make sure to render it centered, and using the whole height of the viewport. Set the Swiper Configuration As you may note, the template will require additional configurations, and we'll need to create a couple of slides for the component. ` In the above code snippet, the component imports the SwiperCore class along with the required modules. Next, the component needs to install those using a SwiperCore.use([]) call. Later, a BehaviorSubject is created to emit all slides content once the component gets initialized. Using Swiper Styles Since the current application is configured to use SCSS styles, we'll need to import the following styles into the slides.component.scss file: ` Of course, these imports will work with the latest version of Swiper(version 8 at the time of writing this article). However, some users have found some issues while importing Swiper styles (mainly after doing an upgrade from Swiper v6 and v7). For example: ` or an error like this: ` If you got any of those issues, you can give it a try with the following imports instead: ` For the purpose of this demo, we'll attach additional styling to make it work: ` The .my-swiper selector will set the appropriate height for every slide. On other hand, the .swiper-slide-container selector will provide a layout as a slide container. And this is how it will look on your web browser. Live Demo and Source Code Want to play around with the final application? Just open the following link in your browser: https://luixaviles.github.io/slideshow-angular-swiper. Find the complete angular project in this GitHub repository: slideshow-angular-swiper. Do not forget to give it a star ⭐️ and play around with the code. Feel free to reach out on Twitter if you have any questions. Follow me on GitHub to see more about my work....

Mar 23, 2022

4 mins

AngularTypeScriptWeb Development

Building a Stripe App: A Step-by-Step Guide to QR Code Generation

Building a Stripe App: A Step-by-Step Guide to QR Code Generation Why Build a Stripe App? I recently participated in an audio space with the Stripe team, and something they said really stuck with me: the Stripe app store is a growing area that isn't overly saturated yet. There's a lot of potential for new apps, and companies can use this opportunity to grow. I work at a company called This Dot Labs, and we've created several Stripe apps and even own one. After looking at the data, I can confirm that the Stripe team was right! Creating a QR Code Generator App For this tutorial, we'll build a QR code app that can take a URL and generate a code for it. This is a good use case to help you understand the ins and outs of Stripe's developer tools. Why QR Codes? QR codes are useful tools that have become common in e-commerce, restaurants, and other industries. While Stripe already has a QR code tool, we'll make our own to familiarize ourselves with their syntax and problem-solving approaches. Project Structure Before we dive into the implementation, let's look at the structure of our Stripe App QR Code project: * .vscode: Contains settings for Visual Studio Code * source/views: Holds the main application views * .gitignore: Specifies files to ignore in version control * stripe-app.json: Defines the Stripe app configuration * ui-extensions.d.ts: TypeScript declaration file for UI extensions * .build: this is where the built Stripe app gets placed. Step-by-Step Implementation 1\. Install Stripe Locally First, you need to install Stripe on your local machine. The documentation provides great instructions for this: * For Mac users: Use Brew to install * For Windows users: Download the package and add it to your environment variables You can find the details here in the stripe docs to install the Stripe CLI https://docs.stripe.com/stripe-cli When using Windows, you must do stripe login from Powershell, NOT from Git bash or any other tool. After the server is up, then you can continue using git bash for everything else. After stripe login, you need to enter stripe apps start. Once you do that, the server is up and running and you can go back to using git bash or any other tool. 2\. Install Dependencies We'll be using an extra package for QR code generation. Install it using npm: ` 3\. Set Up the Main Component Let's look at the home.tsx file, where we'll use Stripe's UI components: ` These components are similar to other UI libraries like Bootstrap or Tailwind CSS. 4\. Create the UI Structure Our app will have: * An input field for the URL * Validation using a regex pattern * Error handling for invalid URLs * QR code generation and display Here is the Home.tsx file that is located in the src/views folder ` * ContextView` is at the top level of the app where we see the Title and the link to the Stripe Docs that we placed in our Context View. * Box is how you use Divs. * Banners can be used to show notification errors or any other item you wish to display. * Textfields are input fields. * Everything else is pretty self-explanatory. 5\. Handle Content Security Policy One problem I personally ran into was when I tried to redirect users, the Stripe policies would block it since I did not express that I knew what it was doing. I had to go into the stripe-app.json file and mention the specific security policies. For this particular exercise, I kept these as null. This is my stripe-app.json file. ` 6\. Configure App Views As you can see here, the stripe-app.json file shows the views for each file I have. The Home.tsx file and the Invoice.tsx are also included This is our way of saying that for each view we have, show the app functionality on that page. Our stripe-app.json file will show it but also, the manifest.js file in our .build folder will also show the same. Any view that doesn't have a file will not show the application's functionality. So, if I were to go to transactions, the app would not show the same logic as the home or invoices page. By following these steps, you'll have a fully functional QR code generator app for Stripe. This is just a simple example, but the potential for Stripe apps is massive, especially for businesses serving e-commerce customers. If you need help or get stuck, don't hesitate to reach out, danny.thompson@thisdot.co. The Stripe team is also very active in answering questions, so leverage them as a resource. Happy coding!...

Dec 18, 2024

4 mins

stripe

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Whether it's modernization or custom software solutions, our team of experts can guide you through best practices and how to build scalable, performant software that lasts.

Web Components Integration using LitElement and TypeScript

Writing a Web Component

Adding Properties

Binding Properties

Adding Events

Parent-Child Component Communication

Listen to Child Events

Source Code Project

Luis Aviles

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