CSS

The CSS / Utility hybrid approach with Tailwind v4

Published May 10, 2024

Updated May 10, 2024

4 min read

This article was written over 18 months ago and may contain information that is out of date. Some content may be relevant but please refer to the relevant official documentation or available resources for the latest information.

Just recently, the progress on the next major version of Tailwind CSS was open-sourced, along with a preview post. This is very exciting news to me, and I love the direction they’ve taken with this release. Tailwind can be a pretty polarizing topic among developers, but I believe that we can find some common ground and live in harmony. In this post, we’ll look at how the CSS + Tailwind hybrid approach is getting an upgrade in v4 and some of the patterns that we can take advantage of to provide a stellar styling experience on our websites.

The hybrid approach

It doesn’t matter what your personal take on Tailwind is, the fact is utility classes are an incredibly useful pattern for styling websites with CSS. I’m not sold on the hard-line, all-or-nothing approach that Tailwind has always recommended. Having a class string that extends way off the screen on an ultra-wide monitor is not pretty. Combining traditional CSS classes with utility classes helps cut down on the styling noise in your markup and provides some advantages when applied correctly. This post will cover some useful patterns and best practices for using CSS and Tailwind in harmony

Tailwind going “CSS-native”

In the v4 introduction post, they state

A major goal of Tailwind CSS v4.0 is making the framework feel CSS-native, and less like a JavaScript library.

I love that they are heading in this direction, and I’m imagining Tailwind as the toolkit for styling websites with CSS. It is going to replace the plethora of tools from the past and provide support for all the modern niceties like:

Importing CSS files with @import
Vendor prefixing (no more autoprefixr)
Improved browser support for modern features like CSS nesting and media query ranges.

This means less worry for us as developers. We can write our code and build our sites using the modern features that the platform provides without sweating all the other details and edge cases. The talented folks at Tailwind and the open-source community have our backs.

Tailwind v4 CSS configuration

The biggest step in the “CSS-native” direction and the feature that I’m most excited about is the CSS configuration. This is great for embracing CSS and Tailwind as one instead of two factions at battle. If you’ve been using Tailwind exclusively for a long time like I have, you might be out of touch with all the great features and tools that CSS provides out of the box now. This is a great opportunity to get back to learning and using the platform.

In Tailwind v4 we do our configuration and theming with CSS variables. To get an idea of what this looks like check out the default theme on GitHub. In our configuration we can override any values from the default theme or extend it with new values.

@import "tailwindcss";

@theme {
  --color-*: initial;

  --color-gray-50: #f8fafc;
  --color-gray-100: #f1f5f9;
  --color-gray-200: #e2e8f0;

  --color-green-800: #3f6212;
  --color-green-900: #365314;
  --color-green-950: #1a2e05;
}

All the values from the theme are exposed as CSS variables. We can reference them in our CSS files or directly in our utility classes.

.badge--red {
	background-color: var(--color-red-50);
	color: var(--color-red-600);
}

<div class="p-[calc(var(--spacing-6)-1px)]">
  <!-- ... -->
</div>

Best practices for combining CSS with utility classes

I can understand why Tailwind recommends using strictly utility classes. It’s easy to shoot yourself in the foot and run into the issues that utility classes set out to solve in the first place. I believe if you follow some general guidelines you can safely have the best of both worlds.

Create focused/specialized classes

CSS tends to get messy when we use classes that are overly specific with styles that apply to just one or a small number of use cases.

Take a calendar where the days are custom checkboxes. You might have some pretty specialized styles for this bit of UI.

.calendar-date {
	color: var(--color-gray-300);
	background-color: var(--color-gray-800);

	&:hover, 
	&:has(input[type="checkbox"]:focus) {
		background-color: var(--color-gray-700);
	}

	& input[type="checkbox"]:checked + time {
		background-color: var(--color-indigo-600);
		color: var(--color-white);
	}
}

Notice that we just add some specific styles that apply to this use case. This gives us the flexibility to keep composing our styles with utility classes.

Some things are better left to utilities

The best way to avoid wandering too far off the path of enlightenment is to stick with utility classes for certain (most?) things. Spacing and layouting are examples of things that are probably best left to utility classes. These typically vary all across a page, and encoding them in a class will make it a lot less flexible.

A code smell to look out for: If you have abstracted something to a class and you end up overriding certain aspects of its styles in different places. Those styles should probably be utility classes.

Classes as components

Tailwind has always recommended using a component system for your UI components so that your utility classes are all defined in a single place. You don’t want to have to edit 50 different files to make a change to the style of your buttons across your website. I’ve found that defining things that might be simple “components” like buttons, badges, links, etc as classes works just as well in most cases.

You can use Tailwind CSS with the @apply directive or traditional class definitions for this:

.badge {
	 @apply inline-flex items-center gap-x-1.5 rounded-md py-0.5 text-sm/5 font-medium sm:text-xs/5;
}

You can even bring the BEM naming convention back to compose variants on top of base component styles. (or name them however you’d like!)

.badge--yellow {
	@apply bg-yellow-400/20 text-yellow-700 ;
}

Now we can easily define badges in our markup:

<span class="badge badge--yellow">Warning</span>

Modern CSS and other interesting utility hybrid patterns

I think a lot of us are realizing that modern CSS is pretty great. There are a ton of awesome new features gaining support across major browsers, like CSS nesting, container queries, and more! More and more people are also coming around to the utility of utility classes. If you want to dive deeper and see other interesting approaches and patterns when combining modern CSS with utility classes, check out the post: Modern CSS patterns in Campfire.

Summary

I’m looking forward to the Tailwind CSS configuration and other awesome updates coming in v4. Using Tailwind doesn’t have to be a one-size-fits-all approach. If you want to write some CSS, I say go for it! Hopefully, some of the points in this post will lead to success if you decide to do so.

This Dot is a consultancy dedicated to guiding companies through their modernization and digital transformation journeys. Specializing in replatforming, modernizing, and launching new initiatives, we stand out by taking true ownership of your engineering projects.

We love helping teams with projects that have missed their deadlines or helping keep your strategic digital initiatives on course. Check out our case studies and our clients that trust us with their engineering.

About the author(s)

Dane Grant
JavaScript developer building things on web, native, and server environments. Free time filled with reading, cooking, dog, sports, comedy, and music.
@danecando @danecando

Exploring Open Props and its Capabilities

Exploring Open Props and its Capabilities With its intuitive approach and versatile features, Open Props empowers you to create stunning designs easily. It has the perfect balance between simplicity and power. Whether you're a seasoned developer or just starting, Open Props makes styling websites a breeze. Let's explore how Open Props can help your web development workflow. What is Open Props Open Props is a CSS library that packs a set of CSS variables for quickly creating consistent components using “Sub-Atomic” Styles. These web design tokens are crafted to help you get great-looking results from the start using consistent naming conventions and providing lots of possibilities out-of-the-box. At the same time, it's customizable and can be gradually adopted. Installing open props There are many ways to get started with open props, each with its advantages. The library can be imported from a CDN or installed using npm. You can import all or specific parts of it, and for greater control of what's bundled or not, you can use PostCSS to include only the variables you used. From Zero to Open Props Let's start with the simplest way to test and use open props. I'll create a simple HTML file with some structure, and we'll start from there. Create an index.html file. ` Edit the content of your HTML file. In this example, we’ll create a landing page containing a few parts: a hero section, a section for describing the features of a service, a section for the different pricing options available and finally a section with a call to action. We’ll start just declaring the document structure. Next we’ll add some styles and finally we’ll switch to using open props variables. ` To serve our page, we could just open the file, but I prefer to use serve, which is much more versatile. To see the contents of our file, let's serve our content. ` This command will start serving our site on port 3000. Our site will look something like this: Open-props core does not contain any CSS reset. After all, it’s just a set of CSS variables. This is a good start regarding the document structure. Adding open props via CDN Let's add open-props to our project. To get started, add: ` This import will make the library's props available for us to use. This is a set of CSS variables. It contains variables for fonts, colors, sizes, and many more. Here is an excerpt of the content of the imported file: ` The :where pseudo-class wraps all the CSS variables declarations, giving them the least specificity. That means you can always override them with ease. This imported file is all you need to start using open props. It will provide a sensible set of variables that give you some constraints in terms of what values you can use, a palette of colors, etc. Because this is just CSS, you can opt-out by not using the variables provided. I like these constraints because they can help with consistency and allow me to focus on other things. At the same time, you can extend this by creating your own CSS variables or just using any value whenever you want to do something different or if the exact value you want is not there. We should include some styles to add a visual hierarchy to our document. Working with CSS variables Let's create a new file to hold our styles. ` And add some styles to it. We will be setting a size hierarchy to headings, using open props font-size variables. Additionally, gaps and margins will use the size variables. ` We can explore these variables further using open-props’ documentation. It's simple to navigate (single page), and consistent naming makes it easy to learn them. Trying different values sometimes involves changing the number at the end of the variable name. For example: font-size-X, where X ranges from 0 to 8 (plus an additional 00 value). Mapped to font-sizes from 0.5rem up to 3.5rem. If you find your font is too small, you can add 1 to it, until you find the right size. Colors range from 0-12: –red-0 is the lightest one (rgb(255, 245, 245)) while –red-12 is the darkest (rgb(125, 26, 26)). There are similar ranges for many properties like font weight, size (useful for padding and margins), line height and shadows, to name a few. Explore and find what best fits your needs. Now, we need to include these styles on our page. ` Our page looks better now. We could keep adding more styles, but we'll take a shortcut and add some defaults with Open Props' built in normalized CSS file. Besides the core of open props (that contains the variables) there’s an optional normalization file that we can use. Let's tweak our recently added styles.css file a bit. Let’s remove the rules for headings. Our resulting css will now look like this. ` And add a new import from open-props. ` Open props provides a normalization file for our CSS, which we have included. This will establish a nice-looking baseline for our styles. Additionally, it will handle light/dark mode based on your preferences. I have dark mode set and the result already looks a lot better. Some font styles and sizes have been set, and much more. More CSS Variables Let's add more styles to our page to explore the variables further. I'd like to give the pricing options a card style. Open Props has a section on borders and shadows that we can use for this purpose. I would also like to add a hover effect to these cards. Also, regarding spacing, I want to add more margins and padding when appropriate. ` With so little CSS added and using many open props variables for sizes, borders, shadows, and easing curves, we can quickly have a better-looking site. Optimizing when using the CDN Open props is a pretty light package; however, using the CDN will add more CSS than you'll probably use. Importing individual parts of these props according to their utility is possible. For example, import just the gradients. ` Or even a subset of colors ` These are some options to reduce the size of your app if using the CDN. Open Props with NPM Open Props is framework agnostic. I want my site to use Vite. Vite is used by many frameworks nowadays and is perfect to show you the next examples and optimizations. ` Let's add a script to our package.json file to start our development server. ` Now, we can start our application on port 5173 (default) by running the following command: ` Your application should be the same as before, but we will change how we import open props. Stop the application and remove the open-props and normalize imports from index.html. Now in your terminal install the open-props package from npm. ` Once installed, import the props and the normalization files at the beginning of your styles.css file. ` Restart your development server, and you should see the same results. Optimizing when using NPM Let's analyze the size of our package. 34.4 kb seems a bit much, but note that this is uncompressed. When compressed with gzip, it's closer to 9 kb. Similar to what we did when using the CDN, we can add individual sections of the package. For example in our CSS file we could import open-props/animations or open-props/sizes. If this concerns you, don't worry; we can do much better. JIT Props To optimize our bundled styles, we can use a PostCSS plugin called posts-jit-props. This package will ensure that we only ship the props that we are using. Vite has support for PostCSS, so setting it up is straightforward. Let's install the plugin: ` After the installation finishes, let's create a configuration file to include it. ` The content of your file should look like this: ` Finally, remove the open-props/style import from styles.css. Remember that this file contains the CSS variables we will add "just in time". Our page should still look the same, but if we analyze the size of our styles.css file again, we can see that it has already been reduced to 13.2kb. If you want to know where this size is coming from, the answer is that Open Props is adding all the variables used in the normalize file + the ones that we require in our file. If we were to remove the normalize import, we would end up with much smaller CSS files, and the number of props added just in time would be minimal. Try removing commenting it out (the open-props/normalize import) from the styles.css file. The page will look different, but it will be useful to show how just the props used are added. 2.4kB uncompressed. That's a lot less for our example. If we take a quick look at our generated file, we can see the small list of CSS variables added from open props at the top of our file (those that we use later on the file). Open props ships with tons of variables for: - Colors - Gradients - Shadows - Aspect Ratios - Typography - Easing - Animations - Sizes - Borders - Z-Index - Media Queries - Masks You probably won't use all of these but it's hard to tell what you'll be using from the beginning of a project. To keep things light, add what you need as you go, or let JIT handle it for you. Conclusion Open props has much to offer and can help speed your project by leveraging some decisions upfront and providing a sensible set of predefined CSS Variables. We've learned how to install it (or not) using different methods and showcased how simple it is to use. Give it a try!...

Jun 7, 2024

9 mins

CSS

Understanding the Difference Between `:focus` and `:focus-visible` in CSS

Understanding the Difference Between :focus and :focus-visible in CSS I have learned my fair share about the importance of keyboard accessibility, so I know that visual indication of the focused element is very important. But the well-known :focus pseudo-class is not always the best fit for this job. That's where :focus-visible comes in. Let's look at the differences between these two pseudo-classes and explore the best practices for using them effectively. What is the :focus Pseudo-Class? The :focus pseudo-class is a CSS selector that applies styles to any element that receives focus, regardless of how that focus was triggered. This includes focus events from keyboard navigation, mouse clicks, and touch interactions. Example Usage of :focus ` In this example, the button will display a blue outline whenever it is focused, whether the user clicks on it with a mouse, taps it on a touchscreen, or navigates to it using the keyboard. What is the :focus-visible Pseudo-Class? The :focus-visible pseudo-class is more specialized. It only applies styles to an element when the browser determines that the focus should be visible. This typically occurs when the user navigates via the keyboard or assistive technologies rather than through mouse or touch input. Example Usage of :focus-visible ` Here, the button will only show a blue outline when focused through keyboard navigation or another input method that usually requires visible focus indicators. Key Differences Between :focus and :focus-visible :focus - Behavior: Applies to any element that receives focus, regardless of the input method. - Use Cases: Ensures that all interactions with the element are visually indicated, whether by mouse, keyboard, or touch. :focus-visible - Behavior: Applies styles only when the focus should be visible, such as using a keyboard or assistive technology. - Use Cases: Ideal for scenarios where you want to provide focus indicators only to keyboard and assistive technology users while avoiding unnecessary outlines for mouse and touch users, typically required by design. Accessibility Implications :focus - Pros: - Guarantees that all users can see when an element is focused, which is critical for accessibility. - Cons: - Can lead to a suboptimal experience for mouse users, as focus styles may appear unnecessarily during mouse interactions. :focus-visible - Pros: - Enhances user experience by showing focus indicators only when necessary, thus keeping the interface clean for mouse and touch users. - Tailors the experience for keyboard and assistive technology users, providing them with clear visual cues. - Cons: - Additional considerations may be required to ensure that focus indicators are not accidentally omitted, especially in older browsers that do not support :focus-visible. - There may be cases where you want to show focus indicators for all users, regardless of input method. Best Practices for Using :focus and :focus-visible To achieve the best accessibility and user experience, combining both :focus and :focus-visible in your CSS is often a good idea. Combining :focus and :focus-visible ` Here is a Stackblitz example of what such styling could look like for you to try out and play with. Additional Tips - Test with Keyboard and Assistive Technology: Ensure that your web application is navigable using a keyboard (Tab, Shift + Tab, etc.) and that focus indicators are visible for those who rely on them. It's never a bad idea to include accessibility testing in your e2e testing suite. - Provide Clear Focus Indicators: Make sure that focus indicators are prominent and easy to see. A subtle or hard-to-spot focus indicator can severely impact accessibility for users who rely on keyboard navigation. Conclusion The :focus-visible pseudo-class offers a more refined way to manage focus indicators, improving accessibility and user experience, particularly for keyboard and assistive technology users. By understanding the differences between :focus and :focus-visible, and applying best practices in your CSS, you can create more accessible and user-friendly web applications. Remember, accessibility should never be an afterthought. By thoughtfully applying focus styles, you ensure that all users, regardless of how they interact with your site, can easily navigate and interact....

Nov 8, 2024

3 mins

AccessibilityCSSPlaywright

An example-based guide to CSS Cascade Layers

CSS is actually good now! If you’ve been a web developer for a while, you’ll know this hasn’t always been the case. Over the past few years, a lot of really amazing features have been added that now support all the major browsers. Cascading and selector specificity have always been a pain point when writing stylesheets. CSS cascade layers is a new feature that provides us with a lot more power and flexibility for tackling this problem. We no longer need to resort to tricky specificity hacks or order-of-appearance magic. Cascade layers are really easy to get started with. I think the best way to understand how and when they are useful is by walking through some practical examples. In this post, we’ll cover: * What CSS cascade layers are and how they work * Real-world examples of using layers to manage style priorities * How Tailwind CSS leverages cascade layers What are CSS Cascade Layers? Imagine CSS cascade layers as drawers in a filing cabinet, each holding a set of styles. The drawer at the top represents the highest priority, so when you open the cabinet, you first access the styles in that drawer. If a style isn't found there, you move down to the next drawer until you find what you need. Traditionally, CSS styles cascade by specificity (i.e., more specific selectors win) and source order (styles declared later in the file override earlier ones). Cascade layers add a new, structured way to manage styles within a single origin—giving you control over which layer takes precedence without worrying about specificity. This is useful when you need to control the order of styles from different sources, like: * Resets (e.g., Normalize) * Third-party libraries (e.g., Tailwind CSS) * Themes and overrides You define cascade layers using the @layer rule, assigning styles to a specific layer. The order in which layers are defined determines their priority in the cascade. Styles in later layers override those in earlier layers, regardless of specificity or order within the file. Here’s a quick example: ` In this example, since the theme layer comes after base, it overrides the paragraph text color to dark blue—even though both declarations have the same specificity. How Do CSS Layers Work? Cascade layers allow you to assign rules to specific named layers, and then control the order of those layers. This means that: * Layers declared later take priority over earlier ones. * You don’t need to increase selector specificity to override styles from another layer—just place it in a higher-priority layer. * Styles outside of any layer will always take precedence over layered styles unless explicitly ordered. Let’s break it down with a more detailed example. ` In this example: * The unlayered audio rule takes precedence because it’s not part of the reset layer, even though the audio[controls] rule has higher specificity. * Without the cascade layers feature, specificity and order-of-appearance would normally decide the winner, but now, we have clear control by defining styles in or outside of a layer. Use Case: Overriding Styles with Layers Cascade layers become especially useful when working with frameworks and third-party libraries. Say you’re using a CSS framework that defines a keyframe animation, but you want to override it in your custom styles. Normally, you might have to rely on specificity or carefully place your custom rules at the end. With layers, this is simplified: ` There’s some new syntax in this example. Multiple layers can be defined at once. This declares up front the order of the layers. With the first line defined, we could even switch the order of the framework and custom layers to achieve the same result. Here, the custom layer comes after framework, so the translate animation takes precedence, no matter where these rules appear in the file. Cascade Layers in Tailwind CSS Tailwind CSS, a utility-first CSS framework, uses cascade layers starting with version 3. Tailwind organizes its layers in a way that gives you flexibility and control over third-party utilities, customizations, and overrides. In Tailwind, the framework styles are divided into distinct layers like base, components, and utilities. These layers can be reordered or combined with your custom layers. Here's an example: ` Tailwind assigns these layers in a way that utilities take precedence over components, and components override base styles. You can use Tailwind’s @layer directive to extend or override any of these layers with your custom rules. For example, if you want to add a custom button style that overrides Tailwind’s built-in btn component, you can do it like this: ` Practical Example: Layering Resets and Overrides Let’s say you’re building a design system with both Tailwind and your own custom styles. You want a reset layer, some basic framework styles, and custom overrides. ` In this setup: * The reset layer applies basic resets (like box-sizing). * The framework layer provides default styles for elements like paragraphs. * Your custom layer overrides the paragraph color to black. By controlling the layer order, you ensure that your custom styles override both the framework and reset layers, without messing with specificity. Conclusion CSS cascade layers are a powerful tool that helps you organize your styles in a way that’s scalable, easy to manage, and doesn’t rely on specificity hacks or the appearance order of rules. When used with frameworks like Tailwind CSS, you can create clean, structured styles that are easy to override and customize, giving you full control of your project’s styling hierarchy. It really shines for managing complex projects and integrating with third-party CSS libraries....

Jan 22, 2025

4 mins

CSS

Making AI Deliver: From Pilots to Measurable Business Impact

A lot of organizations have experimented with AI, but far fewer are seeing real business results. At the Leadership Exchange, this panel focused on what it actually takes to move beyond experimentation and turn AI into measurable ROI. Over the past few years, many organizations have experimented with AI, but the challenge today is translating experimentation into measurable business value. Moderated by Tracy Lee, CEO at This Dot Labs, panelists featured Dorren Schmitt, Vice President IT Strategy & Innovation at Allen Media Group, Greg Geodakyan, CTO at Client Command, and Elliott Fouts, CAIO & CTO at This Dot Labs. Panelists discussed how companies are moving from early AI experiments to initiatives that deliver real results. They began by examining how experimentation has evolved over the past year. While many organizations did not fully utilize AI experimentation budgets in 2025, 2026 is showing a shift toward more intentional investment. Structured budgets and clearly defined frameworks are enabling companies to explore AI strategically and identify initiatives with high potential impact. The conversation then turned to alignment and ROI. Panelists highlighted the importance of connecting AI projects to corporate strategy and leadership priorities. Ensuring that AI initiatives translate into operational efficiency, productivity gains, and measurable business impact is essential. Companies that successfully align AI efforts with organizational goals are better equipped to demonstrate tangible outcomes from their investments. Moving from pilots and proofs of concept to production was another major focus. Governance, prioritization, and workflow integration were cited as essential for scaling AI initiatives. One panelist shared that out of nine proofs of concept, eight successfully launched, resulting in improvements in quality and operational efficiency. Panelists also explored the future of AI within organizations, including the potential for agentic workflows and reduced human-in-the-loop processes. New capabilities are emerging that extend beyond coding tasks, reshaping how teams collaborate and how work is structured across departments. Key Takeaways - Structured experimentation and defined budgets allow organizations to explore AI strategically and safely. - Alignment with business priorities is essential for translating AI capabilities into measurable outcomes. - Governance and workflow integration are critical to moving AI initiatives from pilot stages to production deployment. Successfully leveraging AI requires a balance between experimentation, strategic alignment, and operational discipline. Organizations that approach AI as a structured, measurable initiative can capture meaningful results and unlock new opportunities for innovation. Curious how your organization can move from AI experimentation to real impact? Let’s talk. Reach out to continue the conversation or join us at an upcoming Leadership Exchange. Tracy can be reached at tlee@thisdot.co....

Mar 27, 2026

2 mins

AI AdoptionAILeadership ExchangeEngineering Leadership

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